Why Restaurants in Pakistan Need Their Own Mobile App in 2026
Let me be honest with you.
If your restaurant is only on Foodpanda right now you are giving away a big chunk of your hard earned money every single month. And most restaurant owners in Pakistan do not even realise how much they are actually losing.
Let me show you the real numbers.
The Foodpanda Commission Problem
Food delivery platforms like Foodpanda typically charge restaurants between 15% and 30% commission on every order. For many restaurants in Pakistan using an online food ordering system, this commission can significantly reduce profit margins.
Now think about how many orders you get in a month. Multiply that number by 25%. That is the money leaving your pocket and going straight into Foodpanda’s account.
And it gets worse. There was even a time when Foodpanda tried to increase its commission from 18% all the way to 35% which caused nearly 200 restaurants in Karachi to boycott the platform completely. Sdh Restaurant owners were furious. And they had every right to be.
Here is the hard truth. When you rely only on Foodpanda, you do not own your customers. You do not have their phone numbers. You cannot send them offers directly. You cannot build loyalty. Foodpanda owns that relationship not you.
What You Are Actually Losing
Every time a customer orders through Foodpanda, three things happen that hurt your business:
First, you pay a commission on that order. Second, Foodpanda shows your competitor’s restaurant right next to yours sometimes even above yours. Third, if Foodpanda ever shuts down or removes your listing, all those customers are gone. You have nothing.
This is not a business. This is renting your customers from someone else.
Pakistan’s Food Delivery Market is Explodin But Who is Winning?
Here is the good news. The food delivery market in Pakistan is growing fast. Pakistan’s online food delivery market is projected to reach over $2.66 billion by 2029, growing at a strong annual rate of 10.29%. Digital Waffle More people than ever are ordering food from their phones in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad and beyond.
By 2028, the number of meal delivery users in Pakistan is expected to reach 88.8 million people. Codeshaper That is an enormous number of potential customers for your restaurant.
But right now, most of that money is going to platforms like Foodpanda not directly to restaurant owners.
Your Own App Changes Everything
That is exactly why restaurant app development in Pakistan is becoming one of the smartest investments for restaurants that want to increase profit and build long-term customer relationships.
I have seen this work firsthand. Restaurants that move even 30% of their orders to their own app see a massive jump in monthly profits simply because the commission is gone.
That is exactly why restaurant app development in Pakistan is one of the smartest investments a restaurant owner can make in 2026.
In the next section, we will break down exactly what features your restaurant app needs and how much it will cost you in PKR no hidden surprises.
Table of Contents
What is Restaurant App Development and How Does It Work?
Let me explain this in the simplest way possible.
Restaurant app development means building a mobile app that belongs to your restaurant with your name, your logo, your menu and your brand colours. Customers download it on their phone, browse your menu, place an order, pay directly and track their delivery. All of this happens without any third party platform sitting in the middle.
That is it. Nothing complicated. Nothing technical. Just your restaurant in your customer’s pocket.
But here is where most restaurant owners in Pakistan get confused. They think a restaurant app and Foodpanda are the same thing. They are not. They are completely different and understanding this difference can change how much money your restaurant makes every single month.
Your Own App vs Foodpanda What is the Real Difference?
Unlike Foodpanda, a custom restaurant mobile app allows restaurants to control their entire ordering process.
Think of it this way.
Foodpanda is like renting a stall in someone else’s market. Yes customers walk in and find you. But the market owner takes a big cut of every sale. They also decide where your stall sits. They can move you to the back. They can put your competitor right next to you. And worst of all when a customer buys from you inside that market, they become the market’s customer not yours.
Your own restaurant app is like owning your own shop on your own street. Every customer that walks in is YOUR customer. You have their number. You know what they ordered last time. You can send them a deal on Eid. You can give them a loyalty reward after 5 orders. And most importantly every single rupee they pay comes directly to you. No commission. No cut. No middleman.
Research shows that 71% of customers actually prefer ordering through a restaurant’s own branded app over third-party platforms because it feels more personal, more affordable and easier to use.
That is a huge number. And it proves one thing clearly customers WANT to order directly from you. They just need you to give them the option.
What Does a Restaurant App Actually Do?
A good restaurant app does six things really well:
1. Shows your full menu with photos, prices, descriptions and categories. Customers can browse easily and find exactly what they want.
2. Takes orders directly customers tap, select and order in under two minutes. No phone calls. No confusion. No missed orders during rush hours.
3. Accepts payments through JazzCash, Easypaisa, credit card or cash on delivery. All the payment methods Pakistanis actually use are right there in the app.
4. Tracks the delivery customers see exactly where their order is in real time. This reduces “where is my order” calls to almost zero.
5. Sends push notifications you can send a special offer or discount directly to every customer’s phone in seconds. No marketing cost. No boosted posts. Just a free notification that drives instant orders.
6. Builds loyalty reward customers with points, free items or discounts after every order. This leads to higher customer retention, improved brand visibility and steady business growth over time.
Who Needs a Restaurant App in Pakistan?
Here is the honest answer almost every food business in Pakistan can benefit from their own app right now. This includes:
- Small restaurants in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad that want to grow their delivery orders without paying commission
- Cafes and coffee shops that want to take pre-orders and reduce waiting queues
- Cloud kitchens that have no dine-in option and rely 100% on delivery
- Fast food chains with multiple branches that need one central ordering system
- Home-based food businesses that are growing fast and need a professional platform
Most restaurants that rely solely on third-party food aggregators struggle to break even in the long run having a personalised dedicated app helps prevent this and keeps your business steady.
If you are selling food in Pakistan and you do not have your own app yet you are leaving real money on the table every single day.
In the next section, we will go through every must-have feature your restaurant app needs broken down simply so you know exactly what to ask for before you start building.
Must Have Features of a Restaurant App in Pakistan
Most agencies just throw a long list of features at you with no explanation. That is not helpful. Let me tell you what each feature actually does for your restaurant in plain simple words.
Customer App Features
This is what your customers see and use every day.
They open your app, browse your menu with photos and prices, and place their order in under two minutes. No phone calls. No confusion.
For payments and this is where Pakistan specific apps are different your app must support JazzCash, Easypaisa and Cash on Delivery. These are the three payment methods most Pakistani customers actually use. If your app does not have these, customers will abandon their order halfway through.
Push notifications let you send deals directly to every customer’s phone. Loyalty rewards keep them coming back after every order.
Restaurant Owner Dashboard Features
You get a simple dashboard where you manage incoming orders, update your menu prices anytime and check your daily sales reports all from your phone.
Rider/Delivery Management Features
Track every rider in real time. Set delivery zones for Lahore, Karachi or any city. Know exactly where every order is at every moment.
Admin Panel Features
Full control from one place. View analytics, run promotions, manage customers and monitor your entire restaurant operation daily.
How Much Does Restaurant App Development Cost in Pakistan?
This is the question every restaurant owner asks first. And honestly it is the right question to ask.
The problem is most agencies either give you prices in US dollars that make no sense for a Pakistani business, or they give you a vague answer like “it depends” and ask you to fill a contact form. That is not helpful.
So let me give you the real numbers. In Pakistani Rupees. Right here. No contact form needed.
Restaurant App Development Cost in Pakistan PKR Price Table
| App Type | PKR Cost Range | Timeline |
|---|---|---|
| Basic MVP App | PKR 250,000 — 500,000 | 6 — 8 weeks |
| Standard Restaurant App | PKR 500,000 — 1,200,000 | 8 — 14 weeks |
| Full Featured Platform | PKR 1,200,000 — 3,000,000+ | 14 — 24 weeks |
Most restaurant app projects in Pakistan fall between PKR 225,000 for a basic MVP all the way to PKR 3,000,000 or more for complex, feature-rich platforms and these numbers match what clients are actually paying in 2026.
A Basic MVP App is perfect if you are a single restaurant in Lahore or Karachi just starting out. It covers menu browsing, online ordering, JazzCash and Easypaisa payments and basic order tracking. Nothing fancy — just enough to start taking direct orders and stop paying Foodpanda commission.
A Standard Restaurant App gives you everything in the basic plan plus a full rider management system, loyalty rewards, push notifications, a restaurant owner dashboard and real-time order tracking. This is the most popular choice for growing restaurants in Pakistan.
A Full Featured Platform is for restaurant chains, cloud kitchens with multiple branches or food delivery startups that want to compete with bigger platforms. It includes advanced analytics, multi-branch management, custom branding, AI-based recommendations and full admin control.
What Factors Affect the Cost?
Four main things change the final price of your restaurant app:
Features more features means more development time means more cost. Start with what you actually need, not what looks impressive.
Platform building for both iOS and Android costs more than one platform. Cross-platform frameworks like Flutter or React Native can reduce development costs by up to 30 to 40 percent while still delivering near-native performance this is exactly what TecVeq recommends for most Pakistani restaurants.
Design complexity a simple clean design costs less than a heavily animated custom interface.
Integrations adding JazzCash, Easypaisa, HBL Pay or a POS system adds to the cost but is absolutely necessary for Pakistan. Hidden Costs Nobody Tells You About
This is the part most agencies skip. But I want you to know this before you sign anything.
Publishing your app requires an Apple Developer account at $99 per year and a Google Play account at a one-time $25 fee most agencies do not mention this upfront.
On top of that, budget for:
- Cloud hosting your app needs a server running 24/7. Expect PKR 15,000 50,000 per month depending on your order volume
- Post-launch maintenance bugs happen. Menu updates happen. OS updates break things. You need ongoing support
- Annual updates iOS and Android release new versions every year. Your app needs to keep up
Hidden costs on app projects in Pakistan often add up to 25 to 50 percent on top of the original quot which is why you must ask every agency upfront: what is NOT included in this price?
Why Cheap Apps Cost More in the Long Run
I have seen this happen many times. A restaurant owner gets excited about a PKR 80,000 quote from a freelancer. The app gets built in 3 weeks. It launches. Then things start breaking. The freelancer becomes unavailable. The JazzCash integration stops working. Customers leave bad reviews. The restaurant owner ends up paying another agency PKR 300,000 to fix everything.
The cheapest option almost never saves money in the long run a poorly built app costs more in fixes, lost customers and reputation damage than a properly built one ever would
Invest once. Invest right. Choose a development partner who gives you a clear contract, transparent pricing and post-launch support included not as an extra.
Flutter vs React Native Which is Better for Restaurant Apps in Pakistan?
When building a restaurant mobile app in Pakistan, developers usually choose between two popular technologies: Flutter and React Native.
So let me explain this the way I wish someone had explained it to me.
Both Flutter and React Native are tools that developers use to build mobile apps. The big advantage of both is simple you build one app and it works on both iPhone and Android. You do not need to build two separate apps. That alone saves you a lot of time and money.
Flutter delivers consistent performance with strong multi-platform support from a single codebase, while React Native benefits from the massive JavaScript ecosystem and easier developer hiring Both are solid choices in 2026. But for a restaurant app in Pakistan one of them makes more sense than the other.
Flutter vs React Native Simple Comparison Table
| Feature | Flutter | React Native |
|---|---|---|
| Speed | Very fast and smooth | Fast — slightly behind Flutter |
| Design | Pixel-perfect, consistent | Feels more native on each phone |
| Cost | Lower — one codebase | Similar — also one codebase |
| Best For | Custom UI, animations | Teams already using JavaScript |
| Pakistan Developer Availability | Growing fast | Widely available |
| App Size | Slightly larger | Smaller |
What Does This Mean for Your Restaurant App?
Here is the honest truth most agencies will not tell you.
For a restaurant app in Pakistan the design and speed of your ordering screen matters a lot. Customers in Lahore and Karachi are used to smooth, fast apps. If your app feels slow or looks cheap, they will delete it and go back to Foodpanda.
Flutter apps consistently deliver 40 to 60 percent faster time to market compared to building separate native apps for iOS and Androidand Flutter MVPs typically launch in 12 to 16 weeks compared to 20 to 28 weeks for separate native apps.
That speed matters when you are a restaurant owner trying to stop paying Foodpanda commission as fast as possible.
Flutter wins on performance and UI consistency while React Native wins on ecosystem maturity and developer availability and for a restaurant app where your customer is judging your brand by how smooth the ordering experience feels, Flutter’s clean consistent design gives you a real advantage.
Both frameworks also save you serious money. Using cross-platform frameworks like Flutter or React Native can reduce your development costs by up to 30 to 40 percent compared to building separate iOS and Android apps. For a Pakistani restaurant ownerthat saving in PKR is very real and very significant.
What Does TecVeq Recommend?
At TecVeq we have built restaurant apps using both Flutter and React Native. After working with clients in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad here is our honest recommendation:
For most small to medium restaurants in Pakistan we recommend Flutter.
Here is why. Flutter gives your app a smooth, premium feel that makes customers trust your brand. It launches faster. It costs less. And it works beautifully on both the cheap Android phones that most Pakistani customers use AND on iPhones.
If you need the same high quality UI across mobile, web and desktop and you expect smooth animations and fast loading Flutter is the right choice. For a restaurant ordering app where speed, design and reliability directly affect how many orders you get Flutter delivers every time.
React Native is a great choice too especially if you already have a web platform built in JavaScript and want to extend it into a mobile app. We use React Native for clients who have specific technical requirements that suit it better.
The bottom line is this do not get confused by the technical names. What matters is that your restaurant app works fast, looks great and makes it easy for your customers in Pakistan to order from you directly.
TecVeq will help you choose the right technology for your specific restaurant and build it the right way from day one.
How Long Does It Take to Build a Restaurant App in Pakistan?
This is honestly the first thing every restaurant owner asks me. And I completely understand why. You have a business to run. You need to know how long you will be waiting before your app is live and customers start ordering directly from you.
So let me give you a straight honest answer no vague replies, no “it depends” without explanation.
Developing a restaurant app usually takes between 8 to 36 weeks depending on the features and complexity you need. But for most restaurants in Pakistan the timeline is much shorter than that. Let me break it down clearly.
Restaurant App Timeline Breakdown Pakistan 2026
| App Type | Timeline | What is Included |
|---|---|---|
| Basic MVP App | 6 — 8 weeks | Menu, ordering, JazzCash/Easypaisa payments, basic tracking |
| Standard Restaurant App | 8 — 14 weeks | Full features, rider management, loyalty, dashboard |
| Full Featured Platform | 14 — 24 weeks | Multi-branch, cloud kitchen, advanced analytics, AI features |
A basic MVP app takes around 6 to 10 weeks while a full-featured business app takes 3 to 6 months and the timeline depends on complexity, number of integrations and how quickly you provide feedback and content.
That last part is important. Your feedback speed matters more than you think. I have seen restaurant app projects in Lahore that should have taken 8 weeks stretch to 16 weekssimply because the owner took two weeks to approve a menu design. The development team can only move as fast as you respond.
What Affects the Timeline of Your Restaurant App?
Four things directly control how fast your app gets built:
1. Number of Features The more features you add, the longer it takes. A simple app with menu browsing, ordering and JazzCash payment is very fast to build. Adding a full rider management system, loyalty program and multi-branch dashboard adds more weeks.
2. Platform Choice Building for Android only is faster. Building for both iOS and Android takes slightly longer. Using cross-platform technologies like React Native or Flutter allows developers to build one app for both platforms saving significant time and cost. This is exactly why TecVeq recommends Flutter for most Pakistani restaurants it cuts your timeline down without cutting corners.
3. Payment Integrations Adding JazzCash, Easypaisa and HBL Pay integrations requires extra testing and approval time from the payment providers. Budget an extra one to two weeks specifically for this in Pakistan.
4. Your Content Readiness Do you have your menu ready? Your logo? Your restaurant photos? Faster launches come from disciplined planning not from rushing the development execution If you come to TecVeq with everything prepared on day one your app launches faster. Simple as that.
TecVeq’s Delivery Process Week by Week
At TecVeq we follow a clear six-step process for every restaurant app we build in Pakistan. No surprises. No delays. No excuses.
Week 1 2: Discovery and Planning We sit with you, understand your restaurant, your customers, your menu and your goals. We finalise every feature before writing a single line of code.
Week 2 4: UI/UX Design We design every screen of your ap how it looks, how customers navigate it, how orders are placed. You approve the design before we build anything.
Week 4 10: App Development Our Flutter developers build your app customer app, restaurant dashboard and rider management all at the same time using parallel development sprints.
Week 10 12: Testing and Quality Assurance App testing usually takes 1 to 3 weeks and includes functionality testing, UI/UX testing, bug fixing, performance and security checks. We test everything on real Android and iOS devices before handing anything to you.
Week 12 13: Launch and Deployment We submit your app to Google Play Store and Apple App Store. We handle everything you just wait for the approval notification.
Week 13 onwards: Post-Launch Support We stay with you after launch. Menu updates, bug fixes, new features we are one message away.
The entire process from day one to live app for a standard restaurant in Pakistan takes 10 to 14 weeks when everything runs smoothly. That is roughly three months from your first meeting with TecVeq to customers placing orders directly on your branded app.
Step-by-Step Process of Restaurant App Development at TecVeq
I want to be completely transparent with you about how we work at TecVeq.
A lot of agencies in Pakistan will take your money, disappear for two months and then send you something that looks nothing like what you discussed. That is frustrating. That is expensive. And honestly it happens way too often.
At TecVeq we do things differently. Every restaurant app we build follows the same six clear steps. You know exactly what is happening at every stage. No surprises. No confusion. No drama.
Here is exactly how we build your restaurant app from day one to launch day.
Step 1 Discovery and Planning
This is where everything begins. Before we write a single line of code we sit with you and understand your restaurant completely.
We ask you questions like: How many branches do you have? Do you need rider management or just a simple ordering app? Which cities do you deliver to Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad? What payment methods do your customers prefer?
This step usually takes three to five days. By the end of it we have a complete project plan — every feature listed, every timeline confirmed, every cost agreed. You sign off on it before we move forward.
No guesswork. No scope creep. No surprise invoices later.
Step 2 UI/UX Design
This is where your app starts coming to life visually.
Our designers create every screen of your restaurant app the menu page, the checkout screen, the order tracking page, the restaurant dashboard. Everything is designed to feel smooth, fast and professional.
We share the designs with you for approval. You can request changes at this stage as many as you need because changing a design is free. Changing actual code later is expensive. We always say: fix it in the design stage, not the development stage.
Step 3 App Development
Once you approve the designs our Flutter developers start building.
We build your customer app, your restaurant owner dashboard and your rider management system all at the same time. We use parallel development sprints so nothing is waiting on anything else.
We also handle all Pakistan-specific integrations at this stage JazzCash, Easypaisa, cash on delivery and real-time order tracking. These are not afterthoughts at TecVeq. They are built in from day one.
Step 4 Testing and Quality Assurance
Before you see a single screen our QA team tests everything.
We test on real Android phones and real iPhones. We test slow internet connections because not every customer in Pakistan has fast WiFi. We test every payment method. We test what happens when an order fails halfway through.
We fix every bug we find. Then we test again. Only when everything works perfectly do we show it to you.
Step 5 Launch and Deployment
This is the exciting part.
We submit your app to the Google Play Store and Apple App Store. We handle all the technical submission requirements app descriptions, screenshots, category selection, compliance checks. You do not need to do anything.
Google Play approval usually takes one to three days. Apple App Store takes three to seven days. Once approved your app is live and customers across Pakistan can download it immediately.
Step 6 Post Launch Support
Most agencies disappear after launch day. TecVeq does not.
We stay with you after your app goes live. Menu updates, new features, bug fixes, performance improvements — we handle all of it. Because we know that launching the app is not the finish line. It is just the starting point of your restaurant’s digital growth.
Our post-launch support means you always have a technical team in your corner whether you are a small restaurant in Lahore just starting out or a growing food chain expanding across multiple cities in Pakistan.
How to Choose the Right Restaurant App Development Company in Pakistan
Let me be honest with you about something.
Pakistan has hundreds of software houses and freelancers all claiming they can build you a great restaurant app. Some of them genuinely can. But a lot of them will take your deposit, deliver something broken and then stop responding to your messages.
I have spoken to restaurant owners in Karachi and Lahore who lost PKR 200,000 to PKR 400,000 to agencies that simply disappeared after taking payment. It is more common than you think.
So before you hire anyone ask these five questions. They will protect you every single time.
5 Questions to Ask Before Hiring a Restaurant App Development Company
Question 1 Can you show me a live restaurant app you have built before?
Not a screenshot. Not a design mockup. A real app on the Google Play Store or Apple App Store that actual customers are using right now. If they cannot show you a live working app walk away immediately.
Question 2 Do you have experience with Pakistani payment integrations?
JazzCash, Easypaisa and cash on delivery are not optional features for a Pakistani restaurant app they are essential. If the agency has never integrated these payment methods before, your launch will be delayed by weeks while they figure it out at your expense.
Question 3 What happens after my app launches?
Ask this directly. Who fixes bugs after launch? How quickly do you respond? Is post launch support included in the price or is it extra? A good agency will have a clear honest answer. A bad agency will go quiet.
Question 4 Who actually builds my app your in house team or freelancers?
Many agencies in Pakistan outsource your project to random freelancers the moment you pay. This means zero quality control, zero accountability and zero consistency. Always ask if the developers are full-time employees of the company.
Question 5 Can I get a written contract with milestones and payment terms?
If an agency refuses to give you a written contract that is a massive red flag. Every professional agency will happily give you a contract that ties payments to completed milestones. No contract means no protection for you.
Red Flags to Avoid When Hiring in Pakistan
These are the warning signs I have seen restaurant owners ignore and regret:
- Price seems too good to be true a PKR 80,000 restaurant app is not a bargain. It is a disaster waiting to happen
- No portfolio of live apps designs on Behance do not count as real experience
- Pushes you to decide immediately good agencies never pressure you with fake deadlines
- Cannot explain their development process if they cannot walk you through how they work step by step, they do not have a real process
- No local payment integration experience JazzCash and Easypaisa require specific technical knowledge that many agencies simply do not have
Why a UK-Based Company Like TecVeq Offers Better Reliabilit
This is something Pakistani restaurant owners tell me genuinely surprises them but makes complete sense once they think about it.
TecVeq is registered and based in London, United Kingdom. That matters for three very specific reasons.
First accountability. A UK-registered company operates under strict business regulations. We cannot simply disappear after taking your payment the way some local freelancers do. Our business reputation in an international market depends on every single project we deliver.
Second international quality standards. Our development team builds apps for clients in the UK, Europe and the Middle East. The quality bar we work to is significantly higher than what most local Pakistan agencies are used to delivering. Your restaurant app gets the same quality we build for London clients at Pakistan-friendly pricing.
Third trust signal for your customers. When your restaurant app is built by a UK-based company, it adds instant credibility to your brand. Your customers in Lahore and Karachi see a professional, polished app and they trust it immediately. That trust directly converts into more orders.
At TecVeq we combine the reliability of a UK company with a deep understanding of the Pakistan market JazzCash payments, local delivery zones, Urdu friendly interfaces and the specific challenges Pakistani restaurant owners face every day.
That combination is rare. And it is exactly what makes the difference between an app that sits unused and an app that grows your restaurant business every single month.
Restaurant app development in Pakistan is becoming essential for restaurants that want to grow their business and reduce dependency on third-party platforms. By building your own restaurant ordering app, you can keep more profit, control your customer relationships, and create a better ordering experience
If you are planning restaurant app development in Pakistan, TecVeq can help you design, build and launch a powerful restaurant ordering app with local payment integrations and rider management.
How Much Does Restaurant App Development Cost in Pakistan?
Restaurant app development in Pakistan costs betweenPKR 250,000 to PKR 3,000,0 depending on features and complexity.
Basic MVP App PKR 250,000 to 500,000
Standard Restaurant App PKR 500,000 to 1,200,000
Full Featured Platform PKR 1,200,000 to 3,000,000+
Always ask your agency what is NOT included in the price before signing anything
How Long Does It Take to Build a Restaurant App in Pakistan?
Basic app 6 to 8 weeks
Standard app 8 to 14 weeks
Full platform 14 to 24 weeks
Most TecVeq restaurant apps in Pakistan go live within 10 to 14 weeks.
What Payment Methods Should a Pakistan Restaurant App Support?
Your app must include:
JazzCash
Easypaisa
Cash on Delivery
Credit and Debit Cards
Missing JazzCash or cash on delivery will cause most Pakistani customers to abandon their order at checkout.
Should I Build on iOS, Android or Both?
Start with Android. Over 80% of Pakistani smartphone users are on Android.
If your budget allows go for both from day one. TecVeq uses Flutter which builds for both platforms simultaneously at no significant extra cost.
What is the Difference Between a Food Delivery App and a Restaurant App?
A food delivery app like Foodpanda is a marketplace hundreds of restaurants listed together, commission charged on every order, customers belong to the platform.
A restaurant app is yours alone your brand, your customers, your data, zero commission.
One makes Foodpanda rich. The other makes YOU rich.




